Archives for category: Food and drug plants

I am teaching a class about basic vegetable and herb gardening in the fall semester.  These are some notes for the students in picture form about insect pests of the garden.

Many insects we call “beneficial” because they prey on pests and keep pest populations under control.  Some “beneficials” lay eggs in the larvae of pestiferous flies and aphids, while others eat them directly with chewing mandibles.

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Sometimes, it is hard to say exactly if an insect is a friend to humans or if it is detrimental.  The relationship varies through time and changes depending on the site.  If we were to go to war to try and annihilate an entire group of insects (such as mosquitos for instance) we would likely get pretty sick ourselves and maybe end up losing.  So, we try to live with these small but powerful creatures as best as we can.

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The cabbage family of plants comprise some of our favorite vegetables.  They include the collard greens, broccoli, and kale.  I can smell the chick peas, sweet potatoes, and fried chicken already!  This family is also the “choys” of Chinese stir fry.  The family is distinguished by its four petaled flowers that resemble a cross, hence we also call them the crucifers (from crucifix).  Due to their general tastiness and long history of domestication, they are also loved by garden pests.

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While weeds make a place look unsightly and not well kept (where is the gardener around here?!), they are also part of a wild web of life on earth that supports a variety of organisms.  Weeds hover at the margins of human civilization, and are in a state of constant adaptation.  These are three common weeds in  San Francisco:

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In general, in the garden, pesticides are used as a last resort.  They are many ways to prevent outbreaks of insect pests from the beginning, or to keep the pests at a level that is tolerable.  Well, what’s a spot or two or a little extra protein?

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There are advantages to the use of pesticides too.  Well, that will be for another day…Blackberry and ivy are calling me!

Have you ever eaten a bao?  What did it taste like?  Which character looks like a stuffing rolled up into a rice flour bun?  Which one is the bao?

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Brewing tea, being full, hugging.  Running and hail.  Keep your eye on the bao.

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Grandma says, “Don’t just eat the rice, eat more  vegetables.”  The specks of grain that grow out of the square rice paddy, that’s the rice.  Mi is grain, the life giving starch of grasses.  Corn is the jade grain; rice grains grind into a fine flour for noodles.  The little grain is millet.  Mi is in sugarcane and in cakes.

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Herbaceous plants (and fungi) are depicted with the two crosses of tsao.  Grass, mushroom, tea, and flower are written with ‘tsao’ on top.  Chrysanthemum flowers are good for tea; and for making a soup with pig tripe.  The orchid is a ‘tsao’ with a doorway looking to the morning sun in the east.  Out of the muddy waters of the pond rises the lotus flower.  It is the soul beaming in pure light.  Where’s that recipe for lotus seeds and winter melon soup?  Don’t forget the pig bones.  Grandma!?

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By the train station, little old ladies sell Magnolia champaca and Magnolia alba flowers.  The smell brings you close to buddha’s mind.  In Chinese, magnolias are jade orchids.  Jade (yu) is the color of mountain streams and precious stones.  The king comes from jade.  Jade is in the spinning top and the flying kite.  It is said that a jade rabbit lives in the moon, have you seen it?

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The “typical” mushroom is gu.  Hard conk, shelf-like, mushrooms are zhi.  Morels and chanterelles are jun.  The potato tuber of Poria is qing.  Shaggy manes are umbrellas, Tremellas are ears (growing out of a tree), and Hiercium is the head of a furry lion.

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Beans are a useful source of protein, and a good crop to put nitrogen into the ground.  Tofu comes hard or soft; hot in a stir fry or cold in a desert soup; fried, fermented, and disguised as meat.  In rolls of thin skins and in sweet buns.  Stinky, that’s my favorite kind!  You smell it three blocks away…How I miss it!  Beans are do.  The hairy bean is the soybean.  Bean sand is the sweet black paste of the bao with a pink dot.  There is bean flower soup and bean curdle (tofu).  A common Chinese breakfast is warm and salty – plain fried churros dipped in a bowl of soymilk.

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A bitter taste often indicates powerful plant chemicals –  chemicals that may help break down fats, cause paralysis, or open up kaleidoscope visions of the cosmos.  Bitter melons are known for their ability to defeat intestinal worms, prevent cancer, and help people with too much sugar in their pee pee.

The melon is gua.  Bitter melon has the wrinkly skin.  The melon that came from the west is the watermelon.  Winter melon is also known as the furry melon.  Melon seeds, tea and some friends – that is how you chill on the street corner on a humid and hot summer day.

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Who blooms in the dead cold of winter?  Plums!  The fruit tree that is beautiful to behold, and delicious to eat.  Plum fruits are preserved for snacks in a thousand ways to twist your tongue and furrow your brow.  Another fruit that comes from trees is the orange.  Some have a skin that is easy to peel, others are cut into wedges.

All fruit trees have in common the character for wood, or mu.  There are forests, fruits, and roots.  Villages, boards, cups, and chess. Plum.  Loquat – fruit or music instrument?  Either way, a tea made of its leaf is a great remedy for cough.  Just remember to flick off the little hairs on the underside.

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Bamboo is admired for its straightness, and ability to withstand high winds.  Be strong and flexible, not rigid and brittle.  In the bamboo grove, grows the bamboo mushroom.  It is a species of mushroom sometimes referred to as a “stinkhorn”.

Bamboo is dru.  Chopsticks and pens are made of bamboo.  In old days, the dummies and naughties of the classroom got hit with bamboo sticks.  The bamboo mushroom named Dictyophora has a long skirt.

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In the high plateaus of Tibet, herders noticed that their strongest sheep were eating some kind of a worm in the grass.  A closer look revealed a golden caterpillar, parasitized, and taken over by a fungus.  Hence the common name, Winter Bug Summer Grass.  Its name is Cordyceps.

A bug is trong.  The caterpillar is a furry trong.  Ants, butterflies, and fire flies are all trong.  Lumped together in this group are snails and snakes, frogs and shrimp. Can you find the trong in the egg and the rainbow?

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Once upon a time a couple of hunters were cooking some deer meat by a fire.  A giant jaguar came down from the clouds and said, ” I have a gift for you.”

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When the hunters returned to their village, they told the chief about the jaguar.  The chief laughed at the hunters.  The chief said, ” Ha ha ha, there is no such thing as a jaguar in sky!”

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The next day, the hunters went back to the place where they had seen the jaguar.  There, next to the fire, was a thick grass.  Sticking out of its stalks were big ears of yellow, white, red, and blue corn.Image

Sometimes, a moth lays its eggs on the corn leaves.

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The eggs hatch into caterpillars, and the caterpillars bore into the corn kernels.  You can lose your corn crop if the caterpillars go out of control.

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Dried corn is ground into corn meal.

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The meal is mixed with water and kneaded.  Add a little salt.

Cook the tortillas on a hot pan, or fill with beans and cheese to make pupusas.  Yum!

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Well here we go, a little botany:Image

A bit of plant chemistry:

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Some seeds:

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A little roots:

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Gimme some wood to finish for today:

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