Gardening: Pruning

Your lab this week, if you choose to undertake it, is to prune two to three shrubs

I will describe three basic types of pruning, and we will go from there
you can take your pick:
(1) Hedging and topiary, (2) light ornamental prune, (3) heavy ornamental prune.

The equipment you will need are pruners, shears, and loppers
also, for safety – gloves, close toe shoes or boots, eye protection, sun protection if sunny
and, for cleanup – a burlap tarp or the yard waste paper bags, compost bin, rake, broom, scoop shovel

(1) Hedging and topiary
This the neat geometric look
rectangles squares and balls of green

 

Plants will react differently to being cut

Common shrub plants we use as hedges around here include: Escallonia rubra, Juniperus communis, Ligustrum species, English and Japanese boxwood Buxus sempervirens and Buxus microphylla, Rhaphiolepis indica.

Some less common shrubby plants we use around here for a line of vegetation that forms a clumpy mass are: Coleonema pulchra, Hebe species, Bouganvillea spectabilis, Camellia japonica, Leptospermum scoparium.

Alternative plants we could use more of around here for hedges include Myrsine africana, Myrtus communis, Myrica californica, Pleioblastus chino ‘Vaginatus variegatus’ (keep this bamboo in bounds with concrete gravel and asphalt, or block it with a body of water) (vaginatus means sheathed and entry by the way. Not sure why the chino is in there).

 

(2) Light ornamental prune:
If the shrub has gotten a little too big
and is starting to block the sidewalk, or overtake its plant neighbors
then you ought to take a sharp metal blade to it
just a little bit, keep it in line
imagine that you are an herbivore
a nibbling deer a munching cow an indiscriminate goat
crunching it here and there
nudging it into shape

If you cut the shrub when you see the tiny little flower buds forming
you will set it back, and it may not flower for you this year
back in the day working for the parks
there was long rows of Trachelospermum jasminoides star jasmine in granite container beds
okay Trachelospermum is not really a squat woody shrub, more of a viney leggy bundle of curls
anyways
the architect said “I want it to be one foot tall, one foot wide, hedged every three weeks, it must not overstep its boundary”
I said, “You will be pruning away the best part of this plant, which is the tiny fragrant white pin wheel flowers. People will fall in love and remember this plaza because of this smell. They will forever correlate shopping with heavenly scents. Would you consider letting it billow over the edge a bit? Its not healthy to be constantly pruning a plant. Plus this plant is going to be dripping that white apocynaceous poisonous sap when cut.”
architect, “No. Green. Orderly. Straight edges neat and crisp. That is what I see for this garden.”
Me – “Okay” (thinking, guess you are not a gardener or flower lover)

If you cut the shrub when it is dormant
it may not do anything for a while, even if there is abundant moisture and water
it will wait for when it is warm, wait for when there is more light – to grow again
if you cut out the interior of the shrub to show off its branching pattern and ‘form’
it will likely want to fill up those spaces again, when it can
because all that is lost real estate, real estate that could be producing energy and food
if you accidentally make a huge cut on the shrub, and split open its innards up to disease and pests
it might die on you
or it could heal up easy, and keep going like nothing happened at all
depends on the plant and where it is planted

(3) Heavy ornamental prune
Some plants get really really huge
relatively quickly
could have been your fault for thinking oh its so small and so cute, lets put it in the ground
could have been some designer’s fault, for packing it in super tight
cause they wanted it to look good ‘right away’
could be the gardener’s fault, for being absent in their duties, yup probably the gardener’s fault
oh well, you are going to take care of it
you are going to cut it all down, all the leaves, all the stems and trunks
till its just a bare thing on the ground

Imagine that
you are the fire that burns through the outback
you are the fire that scorches the chaparral
you are the fire that cuts everything down to the ground
this way, the plant is actually renewed
its used to this treatment, it has evolved with this cycle, it is adapted
it has dormant buds on its trunk and stems
it has thousands of seeds in the ground waiting
waiting for just such an event
when a shady, dark overgrown world
becomes open and full of light,
with the ground full of nutrient rich fertilizer
so a heavy ornamental prune is okay for some plants

Check out this Salvia.  Sometimes you can see where it has died back itself then resprouted already.  This is nature in action!  So get out your pruners and just prune last year’s growth down.  Open it up.  Take away the dead stuff.  Then the plant looks fresh and rejuvenated and you do too.

In some cases, the plant does not come back and resprout
sometimes it is the timing, sometimes it is the location
say you are already stressed out
water stressed cause its been dry
or sun stressed because you got planted in the shade and not in the sun like you like
soil stressed cause whoever planted you didn’t break up that puffy airy peaty potting soil and just threw you in the ground with girdling going-in-circle roots
stressed out living

then a person comes along and cuts you down, hard
the person is like haha I know you, you can take it
you are one of those fire adapted mediterranean climate plants my instructor said its okay to cut all the way down really really hard
then you, the plant, just says bye bye thats it
but if the plant is healthy and not stressed
it will come right back, sometimes within a month or two
because it has reserves in its roots, is super vigorous, and loves to live

Common plants that we prune heavily on a yearly or two times a year or once every two year basis include various species of Salvia: Salvia leucantha, S. karwinskii, S. iodantha, S. corrugata, and so on. All to the ground. Other Salvias you can cut em, and they will resprout. But their growth structure is somewhat wonky and they don’t repeat the dense mass. Instead they are arching over here, arching over there, sprouting here but not there. Salvia mellifera, S. apiana, S. spathacea are in this group.

Buddlejas can take a heavy hit as well. Most common around here are Buddleja davidii, but we have also planted B. salviifolia and B. forrestii.  Usually we don’t take em all the way to the ground, just leave them at about four five feet tall of bare wood. Kinda of a ‘standard’ looking shape. If you do not hack em hard it can get big. Old reference books used to say it stops at 15’ or 20’. But there was one tree in the park nursery that grew to like four stories tall like 60 feet tall. It was at a low spot in the nursery, growing in sand with easy unimpeded root growth. It was drinking the irrigation that ran off the potted plants with a teeny bit of that fertilizer in it. So just grow and grow – its woody trunk was a good 2-3 feet in diameter.

Another plant tolerant of being chopped to bare wood is Euryops pectinatus, the yellow daisy bush flower from South Africa. Once in a while in a shadier spot I cut it down. It takes a little while longer than in a sunny spot. It waits for an extra month or two. I almost start to get worried like ‘are you gonna come back? are you okay?’. But then sure enough, here come the young green leaves bursting out of its skins.

 

Okay thats all.  If you choose to undertake this lab, work safely and at a good pace.  Stand back time to time to take a look.  Then stay focussed on your work.  Take it easy,  it is ‘together time’ with a plant.

SITE SURVEY NOTES:

What you are looking for, at the survey site, are the following:

Climate and exposure

Site drainage, water flow, ground water

Soils and slope

Windbreaks and wind tunnels

Existing plants and weeds as indicators

Utility lines

 

With this information, you can then design the garden with consideration for:

Access and flow, paths and walkways

Borders, walls & fences, edging, delineation of spaces

Furnishings and lighting

Usable space, patios and decks

Fire and cooking spaces

Recreation, kids and pets

Relationship to surrounding architecture, neighborhood,  wild lands

Safety, views, and privacy

 

In this site survey exercise, you are going to pick out an area and examine it closely.  Usually, in class, we walk around the campus and pick out three gardens.  We work on it together, then work up to doing it all by yourself.  Now, it’s all up to you from the get go.  Straight to the deep end of the pool.  Let’s try it!

So do a walkabout and find your spot.  It can be your yard, a neighbor’s front yard garden (ask permission), a small mini park.  Make sure that it is not too big.  Not too small.  A rectangular garden or lot is helpful because it is easy.  You can find a two acre, full of trees, up and down the mountain slope lot to do later.  In the beginning, keep it simple and manageable – more or less flat, easily delineated shape.  Sometimes we will just do this little rectangle of a north facing bed in front of our department:

Now take out your tape measure and get the length and the width.  Write that down like so:

Now take a compass reading.  You may be an old timer that still carries a compass or you can use the one on a smartphone.  A paper map might work too.  Draw a compass rose next to your site indicating the directions.  This is really important for the plants!

Now for the tricky part.  What is the exposure?  Which way does the land or the plants face?  Okay back up.  If you are out in an open field, with nothing but the sun traveling overhead, you have 360 degree exposure, correct?  Well sort of.  In the middle of summer the sun’s path is directly overhead and it ‘ll burn ya pretty good.  But as the season goes towards fall and winter, the sun’s path falls lower and lower in the sky in relation to you, in the open field.  The sun will be shining at you from the south, casting a long shadow.  This is cause of the tilt and wobble of the earth and us being here north of the equator.  The days become shorter, sun sets at 5:30 pm instead of 9 pm.  Stuff doesn’t dry out as much, and so on. 

So on the worksheet for Exposure, turn yourself into a tree rooted in one place, in the plot your are surveying.  Which way are you exposed?  Put your back towards where it is protected (shaded by a fence, a building, etc) and face out.  Now figure out your north south east west, and use your arms and hands to make the arc in the sky for the path of the sun.  Its summer, straight overhead.  Now make that arc go lower and lower.  See how that house over there starts to block your winter sun, see how the sun might come right through the canopy of that deciduous Magnolia cause by then its leaves will have all dropped.  Something like this.  Get into this habit.  Say you are out on a date walking around town.  Just see a spot.  Stop, turn into a tree, and visualize what kind of exposure it gets over the course of a year.  Just like that.

Longitude and latitude is also helpful when deciding plant choices.  Plants from similar latitudes often have similar light requirements.  You can find these coordinates on the maps feature of smartphones.  Imagine the whole globe planet as a grid, that is the longitude and latitude.  

Thermal mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store the heat energy.  We are usually talking about building materials.  A dense material like concrete or earthen walls can take in a lot of sun heat energy during the day, then slowly radiate it out as night falls and temperatures drop.  These materials have high thermal mass.  Wood does not have high thermal mass and so log cabins can get cold really quick, especially if the chinking is loose and the wood stove is not very efficient.  Imagine you lived in a metal house that heated up quick and got cold just as quickly.  Not good. Thermal mass is a very important consideration for plants because that thick brick wall in the garden can create a little microclimate of warmth that is perfect for your lemon tree or tomatoes.  Not only does it serve as a windbreak, it also serves as a nice warm heater.

When you do the survey of the soil you ought to have a shovel to dig around.  That is how you will know what kind of soils you have – sand or clay, dry or wet, and so on.  When doing these site survey consults, my buddy Gus Broucaret brings a soil probe which is a long tube with a T handle that sucks out a core sample of soil.  He also says to wear glasses and put some chalk in your hair to look distinguished and smart, but I am not sure about that.  But watch where you dig and do not go too deep because you might hit a utility line of some kind (more on that later).  This being Bay Area California, in general, this is the driest time of the year (August September), hasn’t rained since March or April.  So the soil will reflect that.  Oops there was just a thunderstorm of lightning and thunder that came out of who knows where.  So just remember, you can make all the generalizations and predictions you want, but mother nature does what she wants to do, and you don’t know until you get your hands dirty what is really up. 

If you can, do the soil feel texture test, do the soil drainage test, send some soil away to a lab for analysis.  Do you have a layer of clay hardpan at 14” below?  Is there a bunch of plywood and rubble and plastic trash the contractor buried and covered with a thin layer of dirt?  When you put a water hose to the soil does the water just roll off the soil without getting it wet underneath at all (soil is hydrophobic)?  All of these will make a difference in plant selection and placement, in hardscape designs.  But you do not have to learn it all in one sitting, just start to take notice and get your hands in there.

In order to prevent weeds, many places use extensive mulch and install a layer of plastic woven cloth underneath to suppress the weeds (weed cloth).  So if you see wood chips mulch, scrape a little away to see how thick it is, and if the weed cloth is working.  Often, landscapers will put down a one inch or less layer of mulch as a finishing touch to the plantings, then go collect their check.  Then in two or three months, the mulch is blowing away and all you are left with is the black weed cloth emerging in patches.  Or ditto for when mulch is placed on the slippery plastic weed cloth on a slope. It all falls down…  An ideal mulch used to suppress weeds and keep in the soil moisture should be at least 3-4-5 inches deep.

Enough of soil.  Now figure out water and irrigation.  Here in these parts our rains come mostly in the winter months, November December into March April.  That is the time to pay attention to the rainfall.  Best if you can be out in the rain with an umbrella or rain coat when it comes down.  Otherwise, you gotta look for hints and clues and be a detective.  Look for the rain gutters to the house – does the downspout pipe lead to the sewer underground?  Or does it spill out somewhere next to the driveway or the back stoop?  Given the slope and contours of the house and the garden, where does water gather naturally?  Where are the low spots?  Which way is the flow?  You might see stains on the concrete from water sitting, or feel a persistent wetness on one side of the deck.  Is there a grated drain or a culvert that directs the water?  How much of the landscape is permeable?  That is to say, when it rains, is water able to go (infiltrate) into the earth, or does it gather force and volume on a big ol slab of concrete and go somewhere?  Where?!  Where do you think the water goes after it emerges from the downspout here?

Now go find the hose bib, and any irrigation if present.  That is to say, look for an irrigation clock (maybe indoors inside the garage, under a car port), locate the irrigation valves and or irrigation boxes.  Try to ascertain the path of pipes and hoses that may be underground or slightly buried under mulch or up on top of the soil.  If you know how to work irrigation try the bleeder valve, turn it on at the clock, and so on.  If you do not know irrigation no worries.  Just mark the general location on your survey plan and move on.  Take another class another day.  Heres some irrigation lines before they get all covered with mulch and you can’t see them anymore:

Lastly talk to the client and neighbors and locals, if they are present and friendly.  They will know if the street was built over an old riverbed full of heavy mud and clay.  They might be able to tell you that there is an underground spring that runs through the middle of the yard at not much more than 2 feet down.  They might also share the detail that two hundred yards of french drains wrap all the way around the foundation but that it is old and water is seeping again into the basement.  So on and so forth.  The plants talk too if you would listen.  There are indicator plants that show where drainages converge and the water table is high.  Any aborigine hunter in Australia knew that that was the key to survival.  Around here when I see the arroyo willow or the red elderberry shrubs, I know that water is not too far below.  Here at the base of this dry hillside is Salix lasiolepis:

The old time trick was to stick a wet saliva-dipped finger into the air; the finger would cool and dry and you would know what direction the wind was coming from.  This was all important if you were hunting in the field and you did not want an animal to smell your stinky human scent and be off running before you even had a chance at a shot.  This way you could approach from down wind of your quarry, not have your scent blown right to it.  Nowadays they actually sell baby powder in a bottle to puff up in the air and figure out which way the wind is moving. 

So stay still and document which way the wind is coming from at your survey site.  Again, like the seasons, like the sun, like the time of day, wind is variable.  Likewise, the plants tell the story.  Look for the street tree that has a lean.  The wind will blow the trunk a little sideways.  The canopy and leaves will be predominately on the downwind side.  There may be a little buttress at the base for the tree to anchor and steady itself.  Look for where the fallen leaves gather, that is likely a still spot.  It is one thing to generalize and say okay the wind in San Francisco is onshore and blows west to east, from the ocean inland.  But in any individual yard that direction will vary.  The wind might be traveling through a little windy gap between houses and carve around a corner.  The wind might swirl in circles over a fence through a hedge and putter beside a shed.  Which way do you think the wind is blowing?

Some plants like a little protection from the wind, some plants don’t mind the wind at all. In places with very still air some plants become susceptible to pests – first the scales and aphids, then the sticky poop and powdery mildew fungus, and of course the ants.  Air flow is an important factor in the design of a garden palette. 

Plants.  Try to identify and mark on your rough little plan the existing plants.  Usually when we are with clients we try to find out which plants they want to keep, and which plants they would like to get rid of.  For this exercise, just mark the main trees or shrubs.  You draw em like this, write down the name if you know it:

Do not be concerned at this point if you do not know the names of all the plants.  There is another class for that it is called Plant Identification.  Infinite lifetimes would not be too many lifetimes to try and learn the 300,000 plus plants and how to grow them.   

You can always tell when somebody sprayed the weeds.  Cause one day they are green.  Then they all go yellow and brown.

Aside from all this natural phenomenon, the last aspect of the site survey is the presence or absence of human made structures and utilities.  Describe and draw any decks, patios, benches, tables.  Human spaces.  Keep an eye out for electric lines and  right of ways.  In some neighborhoods, the electric power poles are in the backyard along an alleyway, in others the electric cables are underground.  There might be high voltage wires up at the top of a power pole and so no, you do not want to plant a fast growing tree underneath them.  The sewer pipe usually runs to the front of the house by the sidewalk, but because of a slope, or the orientation of the road, it may run through the backyard down the hill.  So no, you do not want to dig there too deep either whether to put in a retaining wall or footings for a gazebo.   Cables passing through the backyards to the house:

There is a section at the end of your site survey about common landscape pests.  Pigeons, rats, seagulls, raccoons and the like.  They will be interacting with the garden you design.  So best take them into account also.  Notice how this design feature had to have a little followup to keep guano at a minimum:

Look at the space from all the angles.  As a plant within it.  From the sidewalk as a member of the general public.  From inside the house out the window.  From inside the house on the second floor.  Go low and look up.  Go high and look down.  Gather a myriad of perspectives. 

Well that is a lot to digest for a first time designer.  It will all come together with practice and time.  Be aware, observant, and attuned to the world and it gets easier.  People will be like wow you got skills and you will be like just look!   The signs are everywhere!  For now your site survey drawing may look something like this:

 

 

or this:

 

 

or this:

 

Hey!  This is not a presentation drawing.  This is an initial site survey, like when you meet a new friend and jot some information down.  It is a casual exercise.  It can get messy with notes!  If it is well spaced out and somewhat organized that is good.  You may not see everything the first time around.  Go back again.  Take some pictures.  Get to know it.  Takes time…

Design principles as applied to landscape and garden design

So first the principle, then some stories…

BALANCE

Garden has a sense of harmony between contrasting forces

there are two kinds of symmetry – bilateral and radial

bilateral is like a person –

if you cut em down the middle top to bottom

fold em,

the right is more or less like the left, more or less

radial symmetry is like an urchin or a sea star

you can cut it down the middle a bunch of ways, this way, that way

and it is symmetrical when you fold it

like a wheel with spokes – radial symmetry

symmetry is present  in the garden, for example –

hedges on the right are same as on the left

stone lion on both sides of the gate or doorway

the geometric star shaped fountain in the middle of the garden

as people, we like this, it makes us smile

it brings a certain sense of order and structure to the landscape

and yet, we also appreciate the slight wibble wobbles of things off kilter

just a little bit

that is the asymmetry in the garden

this can refer to space, to objects, to visual weight

this can be any sort of an imbalance that makes you pay attention and squint a little bit

one side is different from the other side

they say that is how a baby recognizes its parent

this is what distinguishes factory perfect forms from natural and organic forms

in the garden, a large rock balances the flat patio space

there are sun loving plants opposite shade loving plants

wind comes around one way blistering

then mellows out by the sheltered wall

the garden goes high and low in elevation, like hills and valleys

tall narrow trees are grouped with short wide shrubs on the sides

creeping ground cover with roses sticking up behind

this is asymmetry –

it is a way to embrace the tension inherent in,

and flowing through,

dynamic living systems

SCALE AND PROPORTION

Indicates a good fit in the relationship between

people and the garden

for example

the garden gate and paths are right size for the yard

enough for a person or two and a wheelbarrow

the specimen tree is not too big and dominant

and shading out everybody else

the -scape is not too hard, not too soft (not all deck, not all plants)

its not just about flat usable spaces

or being a wanna be jungle

the garden is a magical happy place

for people and nature to hang out

together

a place that is somewhere between

an outdoor room and a nature sanctuary

small herb bed with easy access

(you can only use so many herbs, they are strong scents!)

big vegetable bed further back in the full sun

(give the carrots and swiss chard some room, the artichokes too)

no overgrown vines

make sure maintenance over time is in scale with the growth of plants

and boy do those vines take over if you fall asleep on your watch

necessary tools fit in the shed

with a table for propagation, a spot to store some pots

don’t want to haul dirt mucked shovels into the house

don’t want to be washing clay into the kitchen sink, backin it up

garden fits well in the neighborhood

it takes account of ecological and cultural criteria

scale and proportion

a garden ought to fit like a nice summer shirt or a snug wetsuit

comfy, looking cheerful and relaxed, does the job

good fit

RHYTHM

The garden moves through time and space with a nice flow

there is the regular beat below, steady and syncopated

and the artistic/creative flow on top

you are playing with nature’s song, old man’s weaving, and grandma’s basket

use patterns and repetition

over and over and over again

slightly changed every time you go around again

but tweaked just a little bit to make it hum, make it kzam

brick herringbone, curved paths and beds, diagonals and triangles

more than one of each plant, preferably three or more…

here, then there, then here again

so that when they light up it goes pbam pbing pbong ping pong

theres borders on the hardscape, borders on softscape

the refrain, then back to the story, the refrain again

Sprinkle on variety and diversity

flowers for spring, for summer, for fall, for winter

leaves for year round color and forms

hanging baskets, containers on walls

imagine the garden as a song with an eternal loop and seasonal movements

timing

its all in the timing

UNITY

There are characteristics and ideas and features that link the garden together

so that it appears as one coherent unit

conceptual themes can include:

native plants and their communities

drought tolerant/xeriscape

cactus and succulents

a garden for meditation

a garden to awe visitors and host parties

an eclectic collection, Victorian party

or simply plants with similar ecological needs bunched together

You can also group with

forms and colors:

all shades of green

all white flowers

all red magenta leaves

all plants with that leafy exploding form, from sedges to rushes to grasses and palms and whoever else

gray blue slate from the roof tops to the patio

ceramic mosaics covering the tables and retaining walls

in a garden with unity

everything sticks together

twists and meshes as a whole

folds & tucks one into another, and curls into tight spirals

there are no tangles of inscrutable knots

nor scenes of empty abandoned flower beds

and crumpled plans

a unified garden

is accomplished with good design at the outset

followed by years of of steady sincere garden work

to sew the hems of tree branches

to gather the seeds of fallen nuts

and clean the pathways of rotten fruits and careless garbage

Some philosophies and principles around making of gardens, for further reading and contemplation:

Creating a garden is a spiritual act:

God Almighty first planted a Garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures. It is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiworks. And a man shall ever see, that when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection.   – Sir Francis Bacon (followers include Paul Comstock, Bill Evans)

The garden is useful and functional:

Any tendency to design for design’s sake, to create a pattern within which the owner must live according to rules set by the designer, is headed for frustration, if not disaster.  – Thomas Church

As social inequities become more complex, those who have more than the average, and more than they need, tend to express or flaunt such surpluses…. For the common man, dish gardens, patios or suburban backyards may provide symbols of memories of the paradise of the rich. – Garrett Eckbo

Garden is a creative embodiment of the designer.

A garden is a result of an arrangement of natural materials according to aesthetic laws; interwoven throughout are the artist’s outlook on life, his past experiences, his affections, his attempts, his mistakes and his successes.  – Roberto Burle Marx

Structure is the most important component in a successful planting; colour is important too but it is a secondary consideration.  – Piet Oudolf

The garden is  the gateway to  inner designs.

As you work to heal your land, you will find that you will restore yourself.

and

We are drawn to certain locations where the land resonates with us and pulls us towards it.  People can spend their entire lives looking for the places where they belong, places where they feel at home, where they fit and can comfortably set down roots.

– Mary Reynolds

The following are some garden stories from around town and beyond.  They will be used to discuss the principles described.

Balance:

This here is a housing development named Parkmerced by the west side of town near Lake Merced, the Harding Golf Course, the Oceanside water treatment plant, and the Ocean Beach surf break called Sloat.  It was designed by the renowned landscape architect Thomas Church, along with collaborators  Leonard Schultze and aided by Robert Royston.  All the streets radiate out from the circular park in the middle named Juan Bautista Circle.  It is a city within a city.  Radially geometric, so radial symmetry.    Do you like it?  What do you think it would be like to live there?  When I drive into this development it is easy to get lost or go in circles…

Along the lines of radial symmetry I carved this gourd for my mushroom teacher named J.R. Blair, who is currently the director of the Sierra Nevada Field campus of San Francisco State University.  Up in the mountains where the snow plants bloom and foxtail pines harken in the snows.  The gourd sits happy in the garden.  Funny thing is, JR says his favorite part is the weird crooked stem that looks like a sea horse or snake at the top.  Not the Mycena or the Conocybe or the Agaricus augustus or the Amanita!

In the dwarf conifer garden of the San Francisco Botanical Garden (established way back in the day with a donation from James Noble), there is a pond full of Nymphae water lilies surrounded by irises.  It is a favorite hunting ground of the herons and egrets.  Clear shallow pond full of life.

Ponds get weedy too.  Aquatic weeds.  So in order to keep the weeds from overtaking everything else and smothering the pond, the gardener has to wade into the pond and pull thousands of pounds of muddy plants out every year to  maintain the garden.  Thats what it takes.  Theres the balance.  Beauty and hard work and achy muscles.

Back in the day when I was a supervisor downtown, Union Square was one of my parks to maintain.  At that time, Justin Lyman was the gardener there and I would help out when needed.  Union Square is at the center of the shopping, theater, and gallery district here in San Francisco.

Okay hold up back up.  The city has various departments – Department of Public Health (General Hospital, neighborhood clinics), Department of Public Works (Streets and islands), Recreation and Parks (Golden Gate Park and all the little parks called Parks and Squares), San Francisco Unified School District (public schools elementary up to high school), Public Utility Commission (water department and also they make electricity with their hydroelectric dam up at Mocassin going towards Yosemite).  All these departments hire gardeners for their landscaped grounds.  So for Recreation and Parks, each distinct area has supervisors and gardeners.  The areas have names like North Beach Complex, Marina Green complex, Richmond complex, Sunset complex, Bayview complex, and so on.  Yes so very complex.  My beat was the Civic Center Complex, which at the time entailed all the parks and recreation centers from Civic Center through the Tenderloin to Union Square, South Park, SOMA, and south into Potrero Hill including Jackson Playground, Potrero Hill Recreation Center, Franklin Square.

As a supervisor, occasionally you make the design decisions.  Sometimes it is a collaborative decision, like a meeting with the Union Square landscape architect Michael Fotheringham and the head of the Union Square merchants association.  Other times, you work with what they give you, what they got at the city’s Park Nursery, what the funds can purchase at Pacific Wholesale Nursery down in Colma.  You try your best to make it look pretty and clean because tourists come from all over the world and they are spending good dollars downtown.  Make it shine!

Anyhow they had just finished the remodel of Union Square when I started working there.  The new design was formal and intensively symmetrical.  Go by there and look at it.

Landscape Architecture magazine liked how the Mexican feather grass looked in the corner flower beds as it waved and danced in the wind, and put it on their cover.  The palms are Canary Island date palms and at their bases was New Zealand flax in that yellowy pink hue.

Every Christmas time the kindest and most generous lady named Helen Hilton Riser would donate cyclamens and we would plant them in the four corner granite beds.  In reds and whites.  The gardeners would ask me if she was related to Paris Hilton and I would be like shh I don’t know!  None of your business!  Just plant the cyclamens!  ( This was in early 2000’s).  Then they noticed that the engraving of all the mayors was sideways and hard to read and told me (the supervisor) to get it corrected.  So I asked and called the higher ups, the contractors, the folks in charge.  Nothing.  What is done is done.  Move on!

Scale and Proportion:

So sometimes things don’t turn out, don’t fit; not necessarily your fault.  Just cause.  So back in the day at Civic Center, or the Joseph Alioto Performing Arts Piazza, there was a flower plaque across from the Bill Graham Auditorium.  The auditorium is where many high schools host their graduation ceremonies, and also where Golden Gloves, professional wrestling, the Warriors, Jefferson Airplane, Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones all happened.  Anyhow, we would plant the plaque from time to time with displays of flowers.  Sometimes flowers that spelled out words.  At one time in the past they had spelled out PEACE with hens and chicks succulents.  Somebody suggested LOVE, and I said okay, sure.  So we used the California native Armeria maritima, sea thrift, and spelled out love.  We were about to fill in the rest of the space with a contrasting plant with white flowers – sweet alyssum, when we got a call from the higher ups.  “Go out there RIGHT NOW and remove those flowers!”  I was a little bewildered but like, “Yes sir!” and so myself and gardener Neil Neilmeier dug em up and threw em in the compost.  Neil said, “That was the day they took the love out of civic center.”

Later I learned that that same day we took out the plants the state court across the way was deciding on the legality of gay marriage, and that somebody had complained vigorously that the LOVE in the flower plaque was obviously political and they did not like that.  So somebody had us remove it.  I was like????  Love is political?  What?!?!?!?  Maybe somebody did not like the capital letters or the choice of plant material.  But LOVE?!?!!??

So thanks to Kip Sip the nursery manager at the time we planted it like this.  She was the head of a movement to reduce plant waste and so encouraged the planting of perennials rather than stick em in throw em away annuals, as was the practice.  This was planted in an arc of mostly blues, purples and pinks – Limonium, Rosmarinus, Lavandula, Armeria, Cistus, etc.  Tons of blooms that lasted and lasted and lasted…

Rhythm:

Theres a come and go, here and there aspect of the garden.  Among more modern architectural designs these days it is popular to use plants as sculpture. So the more the plant can look the same, look good ALL THE TIME, the more it is utilized.  Agaves and aloes big time, foliage plants like asparagus fern and horsetails.  For us old timers who like the dramatic contrasts and moods that the up and down and summer and winter bring, the highs are worth the lows.  We are at peace with the stark outlines and yet enjoy the billowy abundance.  Here is the California native plant garden in the San Francisco Botanical Garden in the springtime.  It is called the Arthur Menzies Garden.  When I was speaking on behalf of natural areas at City Hall then mayor Gavin Newsom was like Hey that is my grandfather.  I’m like okay cool.  In this scene, the annuals were grown by the extraordinary nursery person Jeanne Rich then planted out by the gardeners, at various times Terry Siefeld and Tyler Taunton.

Now the same spot in the fall winter.  irises going dormant, not all brown yet. Annual meadow foam all faded to mulch. Perennial poppies still holding on. Rhododendrons looking haggard been through the cycle.  Leaves of the quaking aspen all spiraled and fallen.  Just bare trunks now.  What do you think? Does the design work?  Is it worth it?  This is the rhythm.  Theres no correct or incorrect answer.  Just.  Develop.  Your. EYE.

So in creating the composition that is your garden design, it is helpful to stick to a basic simple palette.  Like sing in one style and gain fluency.  Mix and match and combine in complexity later, when you are thoroughly proficient in the basics.  This was a little table I got from goodwill that kids decorated with ceramic tiles for a school auction.  Its theme was bugs and different life stages during metamorphosis.  Theres inner details but as a whole its just big green circles, little blue circles, and bits of polygon yellows.  So ditto when you are planning plants.  Stick with a handful of herbaceous plants,  a few woody shrubs, and one or at most two kinds of trees.  Keep it simple, then do the variation. A few chords, switch em up.  Not a hundred layers of glazes, just one, or two to three.

Along the veins of movement and flow of ideas was these buses a gentleman artist named Todd Gilens came up with.  He wanted to decorate our city MUNI (municipal railway) buses with pictures of local endangered species.  That is how I got involved – because of my studies and photographs of butterflies in graduate school, specifically the Mission Blue butterfly.  So if you can, incorporate butterflies into your garden design.  Plant the plants they feed to their young, their larvae.  Also plant the plants they will feed and nectar on.

Unity:

Underneath the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) tracks, at the end of a cul de sac was a park called Cayuga Park.  Like anyplace without a proper caretaker, it gets neglected and abandoned and taken over by somewhat malevolent forces.  In comes Dmitri.   A gardener which in our civil service system is class 3417.  He hedged, pruned, cleaned the paths, picked up the trash.  Had the park looking good.  Still something was missing.  He asked his supervisor if it is okay to do a little bit of wood carving.  At that time, supervisor being a cool dude, not a micromanaging clip board toting unsatisfied manager says  – okay.  Go for it.  Those are the key words.  GO.  FOR.  IT.  So the carvings grew out of stumps and logs and fallen chunks and broken branches.  Hundreds of them carvings depicting folks from the bible, old time indians, african orators, and so on.  Pretty soon the park comes alive, the neighborhood comes around, the community is together not apart.  And he is ‘just a gardener’.  Kinda like in those Steven Seagal movies where he is ‘just a cook’.  Funny.   So unity can come from a person, a little light shining and turning into the sun.

My old landscape architect buddy John Bela was the designer for this scene.  You may know of his inspired works all over the world but not know his name.  I will say it again.  John Bela.  Remember the first person who stuck some coins in the parking meter, rolled out a strip of turf and plopped down a bench, making the first parklet?  Well that was John Bela.  Now there are parklets and parklet days all over the world.  Who started this? John Bela. And no, there was no copyright.  He made not even one dollar on that one… Still, he persisted and charges on.

Anyhow this was another one of his schemes.  His timing was perfect in that Slow Foods and Alice Waters and Victory Gardens all came together, enabling him to make this permaculture esque food garden in the middle of Civic Center Plaza.  The keyhole beds are edged with the erosion prevention straw rolls and set in place with wooden stakes.  The irrigation is drip.  The pounds and pounds of veggies and fruits went to the soup kitchen at St Anthony’s in the Tenderloin.  Good healthy food is a  design idea that everyone can unite around.

Lastly in the realm of unity is this flyer I done for a plot of land I was responsible for long time ago.  A corner lot sand dune at the intersection of Balboa and the Great Highway, across from the beach break known as Kelly’s Cove.  The plants have survived, albeit the look and aesthetic is a bit of the windblown dry and not lush cali native and if you dont know what you are looking at you dont understand it.  But… the metallic green halictid bees are buzzing in and out of the knotweed, the acmon blues and green hairstreak butterflies  are laying eggs on the chamisso’s silver leafed lupine, and its maintenance requirement is LOW.  Its irrigation and water bill is ZERO.  What matters in this garden is COMMUNITY.

Greenhouse history

July 27, 2020

Plants evolved in a variety of climates, latitudes, and geographies throughout the world, over time.  In places close to the poles north and south, hours of daylight would vary over the course of a year.  This would range from 24 hours of darkness in the cold of winter to 24 hours of daylight in the summer.  In areas closer to the mid belt the equator, there would be 12 hours of sun and 12 hours of darkness everyday, in all seasons.  Some places get 300-400” of rainfall a year, other places, less than 1”. 

People and cultures likewise evolved around the plants they could gather and cultivate, and the animals they hunted and domesticated.  Back in the olden times, before widespread world wide travel and commerce, you would eat what was available, when it got ripe or when it matured.  Or you would hunt the animals that migrated through with the rains or that congregated around the falling of jungle fruits.  Nature set the pace, and you the human followed it.  Sometimes the seasonal window for this fruit or vegetable was very small – asparagus and tomatoes in the summer, nuts like walnuts or acorns in the fall, and so on.  So people were always alert and on the move.  Also back in the day, in colder climates, before refrigeration, you had to preserve foods in some way so that you wouldn’t starve to death in the winter while you were holed up in your log cabin or mud dung straw house.  Some vegetables like cabbages you could keep in a root cellar underground or make into kraut.  Other foods you might have to dry, salt, and smoke to preserve them and keep them from becoming food for bacteria, fungus, rodents and insects.

The earliest plants folks figured out that if you took care of plants meticulously, you could sometimes extend their season and even plant them a little bit out of their regular comfort zone.  That is to say, if you blocked the wind, lavished attention on the plant babies, maintained the irrigation, warmed them at night with some thick masonry earth thermal mass, and so on, you might coax a fruit or two or more from a warm subtropical tree planted in a cool temperate place.  Or, you might get another two weeks of red red tomatoes on the vines, more grains and less pests on the rice crop.

During the times of naval superpowers and European conquests, plant worlds collided.  Plants from one area of the world were transplanted to other areas with the suitable climates and soils:  sugar cane from southeast Asia made its way to the Caribbean and Americas; tobacco and rubber trees of the Americas sailed back and rooted in Asia Europe and Africa.  Folks were shocked by the tasty tropical pineapple and mango, bewildered by the stinky durian.  People appreciated the easy and efficient carbohydrate production of the potato and the yam.  There was, and continues to be, a wealth of exchange as cuisines and cultures mixed, fused, adapted, and became something new. 

To meet this demand for fresh foods and foods available year round, the planting and growing of crops intensified and developed alongside horticultural knowledge and technological advances in materials and fuels.  Some plants are still best grown in the ground in a suitable place, in a plantation.  For example, chocolate trees grow best within around twenty degrees latitude north and south of the equator.  The same goes for black pepper.  The products are then shipped around the world for further processing or consumption.  Other plants – mostly annual or perennial herbaceous plants that do not reach a large size, plants with a quick generation time from seed to flower or fruit – became suitable candidates for growing  indoors in commercial greenhouses.  Edible plants, ornamental plants, medicinal plants.

People could now follow nature’s lead, but control aspects of light and air, temperature and humidity, water and irrigation, soil composition and fertility, and so on, in order to maximize the yield of plants, and produce flowers, fruits, seeds and foliage in all seasons.  That is to say, thanks to greenhouses, you could now harvest lettuce and kale in the middle of winter in Wyoming, cut a bundle of flowers in a hothouse in December in Canada, or be harvesting eggplants seven eight nine months out of a year rather than one or two months outdoors. 

When you go to the food market, you see the beautiful tomatoes on a vine, little yellow red orange sweet peppers, and cool perfect cucumbers.  By the checkout stand, amazing blooming orchids growing in bark for only $9.99.  At the florist, there are beautiful roses, a dozen for $15.  In the garden nursery, there are huge fat three four year old tulip bulbs and some fine anemone corms in the cardboard bins.  Or, you go to the cannabis apothecary, and smell that skunky big bud aroma in well packaged jars.  Well this is all a recent development in our relationship with plants.  If you appreciate this abundance and diversity, and understand a little bit of how this came to be, you will be acknowledging the wonder of greenhouses and the folks who work in them.